Rows the dispatcher gave up on after the exponential-backoff schedule (1m → 5m → 15m → 1h → 4h → 24h) was exhausted. Re-queue resets the source email_outbox row to queued with attempts cleared. Delete permanently removes the DLQ row only — the outbox row stays in failed for audit.
apps/worker/src/email-dispatcher.ts (BACKOFF_SCHEDULE_MS).